The Sharpless Catalog
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Sh 2-192
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Sh 2-192 appears as a classic Stromgren sphere. The others are irregular nebular patches. Avedisova places all three in the star formation region SFR 136.09+2.10.
Russeil concludes that Sh 2-192, Sh 2-193 and possibly Sh 2-196 (but not Sh 2-194) are part of the same star formation region and identifies separate B2.5 V class ionising stars for Sh 2-192 and Sh 2-193.
Sh 2-192 contains the infrared star cluster [BDS2003] 57.
You can view a WISE infrared image of this region here.
Sh 2-193
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Sh 2-192 appears as a classic Stromgren sphere. The others are irregular nebular patches. Avedisova places all three in the star formation region SFR 136.09+2.10.
Russeil concludes that Sh 2-192, Sh 2-193 and possibly Sh 2-196 (but not Sh 2-194) are part of the same star formation region and identifies separate B2.5 V class ionising stars for Sh 2-192 and Sh 2-193.
Sh 2-193 contains the newly discovered star cluster candidate Teutsch 162.
You can view a WISE infrared image of this region here.
Sh 2-194
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Sh 2-192 appears as a classic Stromgren sphere. The others are irregular nebular patches. Avedisova places all three in the star formation region SFR 136.09+2.10.
Russeil concludes that Sh 2-192, Sh 2-193 and possibly Sh 2-196 (but not Sh 2-194) are part of the same star formation region.
You can view a WISE infrared image of this region here.
Sh 2-195
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Humphreys places GP Cas in the Per OB1 association at a distance of 2290 parsecs.
A hydrogen-alpha image created using IPHAS data reveals extremely faint nebular patches near this direction (possibly partially associated with the galaxies Maffei 1 and 2) but no nebulosity in the direction of Sh 2-195 itself.
It seems possible that Sh 2-195 is not an HII region but is merely faint nebulosity seen in the general direction of GP Cas.
Sh 2-196
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According to a 2007 paper by Russeil, Sh 2-196 may lie at the same distance as Sh 2-192 and Sh 2-193 (2400 +/- 320 parsecs), however she has identified a possible O9.5 class ionising star with a photometric distance of 5670 +/- 590 parsecs, suggesting that it may be much further away than the other nebulae.
Avedisova places Sh 2-196 in star formation region SFR 136.45+2.53 with 21 components, including the radio source KR 147B, 4 masers and 9 infrared sources. Among the infrared sources are three distinct young stellar objects.
Sh 2-198
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Avedisova places Sh 2-198 in the star formation SFR 137.39+0.19 along with a hydroxyl maser and two young stellar objects.
Sh 2-199
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Kharchenko gives a distance of 2002 parsecs and an age of 4.4 million years for IC 1848 and lists 5 ionising stars: HD 17505 (O7, although SIMBAD gives an O6Ve class), HD 17520 (O9V), HD 237019 (O8V), HD 237007 (B0V), and HD 237011 (B2, although SIMBAD gives a slighter hotter B1.5 class). Avedisova places Sh 2-199 and Sh 2-201 in star formation region SFR 137.57+1.08, with 65 components, including 16 infrared sources, 2 masers and 4 young stellar objects.
For more information see the Heart and Soul (140° - 130°) sector description in the Commentary on the Galactic Plane.
You can view a stunning image of the larger Heart and Soul region here. NASA has released a spectacular infrared image of the W5 region (including most of Sh 2-199) here.
Sh 2-200
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Stewart Sharpless published the second and final version of his famous nebula catalog in 1959. Although astronomers publish articles referring to the Sharpless nebulae almost every month, there seems to be few places on the Internet that bring together information on these nebulae as a whole - unlike, for example, the Messier catalog. This is most likely because the Messier objects are visible to anyone with a pair of binoculars or a small telescope. Most of the Sharpless objects are clearly visible only in CCD images or in photographic plates taken by large telescopes. Fortunately some of these plates have now been digitally scanned and made publicly available.
Many of the brightest and most beautiful Milky Way star formation regions visible from the northern hemisphere are in the Sharpless catalog so the 313 objects it contains are well worth examining carefully. (In fact there are more than 313 objects as subsequent research has shown that some of the Sharpless nebulae consist of more than one object.) Although the Sharpless catalog is only intended to be complete for objects visible north of declination -27 degrees, a similar catalog covering the southern hemisphere was published by Alex Rodgers, Colin Campbell, and John Whiteoak in 1960, which is largely an expansion of Colin Gum's earlier catalog. You can visit a gallery of these RCW nebulae here. At least 50 objects in the Sharpless catalog are also in the RCW catalog and I have noted this in the descriptions of these objects.
Most of the images used to illustrate the Sharpless catalog were created using the POSS-II/UKSTU data of the
Digitized Sky Survey, or, where available, the more detailed
SuperCOSMOS Sky Survey. In both cases, green = UKST Infrared.
Because green represents infrared, the images are not quite
the same as would be seen at purely visual frequencies. Green in these images usually reveals warm dust or red giant stars.
These images were created using the POSS-II/UKSTU data of the
Digitized Sky Survey and
SuperCOSMOS
using the process described here.
According to my correspondence with the Royal Observatory Edinburgh and the Space Telescope Science Institute,
I am allowed to use the POSS-II/UKSTU data to
create and display images for non-commercial purposes
so long as I include this fine print for the SuperCOSMOS data:
Use of these images is courtesy of the UK Schmidt Telescope (copyright in
which is owned by the Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council of
the UK and the Anglo-Australian Telescope Board) and the Southern Sky Survey
as created by the SuperCOSMOS measuring machine and are reproduced here
with permission from the Royal Observatory Edinburgh.
and this acknowledgement taken from the DSS site:
The Digitized Sky Surveys were produced at the Space Telescope Science Institute under
U.S. Government grant NAG W-2166. The images of these surveys are based on photographic
data obtained using the Oschin Schmidt Telescope on Palomar Mountain and the UK Schmidt Telescope.
The plates were processed into the present compressed digital form with the permission of these institutions.
The Second Palomar Observatory Sky Survey (POSS-II) was made by the
California Institute of Technology with funds from the National Science Foundation,
the National Geographic Society, the Sloan Foundation, the Samuel Oschin Foundation,
and the Eastman Kodak Corporation.
The UK Schmidt Telescope was operated by the Royal Observatory Edinburgh,
with funding from the UK Science and Engineering Research Council
(later the UK Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council), until 1988 June,
and thereafter by the Anglo-Australian Observatory. The blue plates of the southern Sky Atlas
and its Equatorial Extension (together known as the SERC-J), as well as the Equatorial Red (ER),
and the Second Epoch [red] Survey (SES) were all taken with the UK Schmidt.
The "Second Epoch Survey" of the southern sky was made by the
Anglo-Australian Observatory (AAO) with the UK Schmidt Telescope.
Plates from this survey have been digitized and compressed by the ST ScI.
The digitized images are copyright © 1993-5 by the Anglo-Australian Observatory Board,
and are distributed herein by agreement.
The "Equatorial Red Atlas" of the southern sky was made with the UK Schmidt Telescope.
Plates from this survey have been digitized and compressed by the ST ScI.
The digitized images are copyright © 1992-5, jointly by the UK SERC/PPARC
(Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council,
formerly Science and Engineering Research Council) and the Anglo-Australian Telescope Board,
and are distributed herein by agreement.
The compressed files of the "Palomar Observatory - Space Telescope Science Institute Digital Sky Survey"
of the northern sky, based on scans of the Second Palomar Sky Survey are copyright © 1993-1995 by the
California Institute of Technology and are distributed herein by agreement.
The compressed files of the "Palomar Observatory - Space Telescope Science Institute Digital Sky Survey"
of the northern sky, based on scans of the Second Palomar Sky Survey are copyright © 1993-1995
by the California Institute of Technology and are distributed herein by agreement.