Sh 2-45
Also called
RCW 160, W 38Coordinates: (15.1°, -0.7°)
[ Catalog | Explorer | SIMBAD ]
This is M 17, the Omega nebula, also called W 38, the Swan nebula, and the Lobster nebula among other names. This nebula is found in the Ser OB1 association.
M 17 is ionised by an O4V-O4V double star system (Kleinmann's star) at the core of the massive young cluster NGC 6618 (about one million years old), which contains over 800 stars, including 2 O5V star systems and 100 stars hotter than B9 (by comparison, the Orion nebula contains 8 stars hotter than B9). The total ultraviolet flux is about 25 times higher than for the Orion nebula.
A large part of the nebula is hidden by a dark dust lane that runs near the central cluster and splits the main visible nebula (Gum 81a) from two attached nebulae on the other side of the dust lane (Gum 81b - IC 4706 and IC 4707).
M 17 is a blister on the side of a much larger giant molecular cloud and star formation region (M 17SW) that contains 30 thousand solar masses of molecular hydrogen.
You can see a more detailed image of part of this massive star formation region and view a good overview of this entire region.
M 17 is ionised by an O4V-O4V double star system (Kleinmann's star) at the core of the massive young cluster NGC 6618 (about one million years old), which contains over 800 stars, including 2 O5V star systems and 100 stars hotter than B9 (by comparison, the Orion nebula contains 8 stars hotter than B9). The total ultraviolet flux is about 25 times higher than for the Orion nebula.
A large part of the nebula is hidden by a dark dust lane that runs near the central cluster and splits the main visible nebula (Gum 81a) from two attached nebulae on the other side of the dust lane (Gum 81b - IC 4706 and IC 4707).
M 17 is a blister on the side of a much larger giant molecular cloud and star formation region (M 17SW) that contains 30 thousand solar masses of molecular hydrogen.
You can see a more detailed image of part of this massive star formation region and view a good overview of this entire region.
Gum's coordinates for the M 17 region are inaccurate but it is clear from his description that Gum 81a and Gum 81b actually identify the two parts of M 17 (with the dust lane between).
The star formation region G15.03-0.68 in M17 has had its distance measured precisely using radio parallax. It is 1980 +140/-120 pc, which places it within the Sagittarius arm. [1]
M17 SW contains a strong infrared source called the KW object. This is now known to be two close and hot B stars surrounded by a cluster of 150 dimmer stars, deeply embedded inside M17 SW in an infrared reflection nebula.[2]
Kleinmann's star is a double O4V system with a combined absolute magnitude of -6.8. There are two other stars (called #2 and #3 in this paper) that are O5V in the surrounding NGC 6618 star cluster.[3]
The brightest spot of the main molecular cloud, M17 SW, is located to the south west of the visible nebula and is about 3 times larger than the entire Orion cloud complex. A second bright spot in the northen part of M17 is also larger than the Orion complex. Both of these bright spots are part of the same molecular cloud at a velocity of -20 km/s, which contains more than 30 thousand solar masses of molecular hydrogen. Star formation is occuring in both the northern and SW bright spots as well as in the nebula. Intense radiation from M17 has destroyed essentially all of the molecular cloud in the immediate vicinity of the nebula, leaving only ionised or atomic hydrogen. The ultraviolet flux from M17 is about 25 times higher than for Orion. A second molecular cloud at -23 km/s with about 2000 solar masses of molecular hydrogen sits in front of M17 and is far enough in front that it is not torn apart by the radiation.[4]
The two bright stars in the cavity below the nebula are the B class hypergiants HD 168607 (B9Ia) and HD 168625 (B5/B8Ia). They are about the same distance as M17 and apparently associated with SGR OB1.[5]
The bright star near the top of the image is the K3 III star HD 168415, which has a Hipparcos parallax of 6.93 mas (and so an estimated distance of 144 pc).[SIMBAD]
The O4-O4 core system is called Kleinmann's star. There are 100 stars hotter than B9 in the cluster - by comparison, Orion has 8.[6]
M17 is ionised by an O4-O4 double star system at the core of the massive cluster NGC 6618, which contains over 800 stars.[7]
The star formation region G15.03-0.68 in M17 has had its distance measured precisely using radio parallax. It is 1980 +140/-120 pc, which places it within the Sagittarius arm. [1]
M17 SW contains a strong infrared source called the KW object. This is now known to be two close and hot B stars surrounded by a cluster of 150 dimmer stars, deeply embedded inside M17 SW in an infrared reflection nebula.[2]
Kleinmann's star is a double O4V system with a combined absolute magnitude of -6.8. There are two other stars (called #2 and #3 in this paper) that are O5V in the surrounding NGC 6618 star cluster.[3]
The brightest spot of the main molecular cloud, M17 SW, is located to the south west of the visible nebula and is about 3 times larger than the entire Orion cloud complex. A second bright spot in the northen part of M17 is also larger than the Orion complex. Both of these bright spots are part of the same molecular cloud at a velocity of -20 km/s, which contains more than 30 thousand solar masses of molecular hydrogen. Star formation is occuring in both the northern and SW bright spots as well as in the nebula. Intense radiation from M17 has destroyed essentially all of the molecular cloud in the immediate vicinity of the nebula, leaving only ionised or atomic hydrogen. The ultraviolet flux from M17 is about 25 times higher than for Orion. A second molecular cloud at -23 km/s with about 2000 solar masses of molecular hydrogen sits in front of M17 and is far enough in front that it is not torn apart by the radiation.[4]
The two bright stars in the cavity below the nebula are the B class hypergiants HD 168607 (B9Ia) and HD 168625 (B5/B8Ia). They are about the same distance as M17 and apparently associated with SGR OB1.[5]
The bright star near the top of the image is the K3 III star HD 168415, which has a Hipparcos parallax of 6.93 mas (and so an estimated distance of 144 pc).[SIMBAD]
The O4-O4 core system is called Kleinmann's star. There are 100 stars hotter than B9 in the cluster - by comparison, Orion has 8.[6]
M17 is ionised by an O4-O4 double star system at the core of the massive cluster NGC 6618, which contains over 800 stars.[7]
Notes
1. ^ Xu, Y., Moscadelli, L., Reid, M. J., et al. (2011). "Trigonometric Parallaxes of Massive Star-forming Regions. VIII. G12.89+0.49, G15.03-0.68 (M17), and G27.36-0.16", The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 733, 25. [2011ApJ...733...25X]
2. ^ Chini, R., Hoffmeister, V. H., Kämpgen, K., et al. (2004). "The nature of the KW object", Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 427, 849-853. [2004A&A...427..849C]
3. ^ Chini, R., Elsaesser, H., & Neckel, T. (1980). "Multicolour UBVRI photometry of stars in M 17", Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 91, 186-193. [1980A&A....91..186C]
4. ^ Lada, C. J. (1976). "Detailed observations of the M17 molecular cloud complex.", The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 32, 603-629. [1976ApJS...32..603L]
5. ^ Sterken, C., Arentoft, T., Duerbeck, H. W., et al. (1999). "Light variations of the blue hypergiants HD 168607 and HD 168625 (1973-1999)", Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 349, 532-536. [1999A&A...349..532S]
6. ^ Townsley, L. K., Broos, P. S., Chu, Y.-H., et al. (2003). "Chandra Observations of M 17, the Omega Nebula", Revista Mexicana de Astronomia y Astrofisica Conference Series, Vol. 15, 190-193. [2003RMxAC..15..190T]
7. ^ Broos, P. S., Getman, K. V., & Townsley, L. K. (2005). "The X-ray Point Source Population of M 17, the Omega Nebula", Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, Vol. 37, 1289. [2005AAS...207.7429B]
Links
[ DSS | ADS | ADS Abstract ]
map | book | blog | gallery | sources
Most of the sources used to create these nebula descriptions are listed in the
notes section for each description. In some cases,
for example the Avedisova, Humphreys and Reed catalogs, the source is used extensively and is not listed in the
individual nebula descriptions. See this catalog overview
for more information on the catalogs and the general sources used
to create these descriptions and this introduction to HII regions
on the general history of this area of astronomy.
This image was created using the POSS-II/UKSTU data of the Digitized Sky Survey and SuperCOSMOS using the process described here.
According to my correspondence with the Royal Observatory Edinburgh and the Space Telescope Science Institute, I am allowed to use the POSS-II/UKSTU data to create and display images for non-commercial purposes so long as I include this fine print for the SuperCOSMOS data:
Use of these images is courtesy of the UK Schmidt Telescope (copyright in which is owned by the Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council of the UK and the Anglo-Australian Telescope Board) and the Southern Sky Survey as created by the SuperCOSMOS measuring machine and are reproduced here with permission from the Royal Observatory Edinburgh.
and this acknowledgement taken from the DSS site:
The Digitized Sky Surveys were produced at the Space Telescope Science Institute under U.S. Government grant NAG W-2166. The images of these surveys are based on photographic data obtained using the Oschin Schmidt Telescope on Palomar Mountain and the UK Schmidt Telescope. The plates were processed into the present compressed digital form with the permission of these institutions.
The Second Palomar Observatory Sky Survey (POSS-II) was made by the California Institute of Technology with funds from the National Science Foundation, the National Geographic Society, the Sloan Foundation, the Samuel Oschin Foundation, and the Eastman Kodak Corporation.
The UK Schmidt Telescope was operated by the Royal Observatory Edinburgh, with funding from the UK Science and Engineering Research Council (later the UK Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council), until 1988 June, and thereafter by the Anglo-Australian Observatory. The blue plates of the southern Sky Atlas and its Equatorial Extension (together known as the SERC-J), as well as the Equatorial Red (ER), and the Second Epoch [red] Survey (SES) were all taken with the UK Schmidt.
The "Second Epoch Survey" of the southern sky was made by the Anglo-Australian Observatory (AAO) with the UK Schmidt Telescope. Plates from this survey have been digitized and compressed by the ST ScI. The digitized images are copyright ? 1993-5 by the Anglo-Australian Observatory Board, and are distributed herein by agreement.
The "Equatorial Red Atlas" of the southern sky was made with the UK Schmidt Telescope. Plates from this survey have been digitized and compressed by the ST ScI. The digitized images are copyright ? 1992-5, jointly by the UK SERC/PPARC (Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council, formerly Science and Engineering Research Council) and the Anglo-Australian Telescope Board, and are distributed herein by agreement.
The compressed files of the "Palomar Observatory - Space Telescope Science Institute Digital Sky Survey" of the northern sky, based on scans of the Second Palomar Sky Survey are copyright ? 1993-1995 by the California Institute of Technology and are distributed herein by agreement. The compressed files of the "Palomar Observatory - Space Telescope Science Institute Digital Sky Survey" of the northern sky, based on scans of the Second Palomar Sky Survey are copyright ? 1993-1995 by the California Institute of Technology and are distributed herein by agreement.